Unit+7

Unit 7: The Civil War and Reconstruction 1860-1876

=Vocabulary:=


 * .William Mahone **: (December 1, 1826 – October 8, 1895), was a civil engineer, teacher, soldier, and a member of the Virginia General Assembly and U.S. Congress.


 * . Braxton Bragg **: (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.


 * . Nathan Bedford Forrest **: (July 13, 1821 – October 29, 1877), was a Confederate general and perhaps the American Civil War's most highly regarded cavalry and guerrilla leader.


 * . Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson **: (January 21, 1824–May 10, 1863) was an American teacher and soldier. He became a famous Confederate general during the American Civil War.


 * . James Ewell Brown Stuart **: (February 6, 1833 – May 12, 1864) was an American soldier from Virginia and a Confederate Army general during the American Civil War.


 * . Braxton Bragg **: (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.


 * . Joseph Eggleston Johnston **: (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.


 * . Abraham Lincoln ** - 16th president of the United States. As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization. Further, he rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Border States **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> - Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Confederacy **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> - Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Dred Scott **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> - (ca. 1795 – September 17, 1858) was a slave who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom in the infamous //Dred Scott v. Sanford// case of 1857. His case was based on the fact that he and his wife Harriet had lived, while slaves, in states and territories where slavery was illegal, including Illinois and parts of the Louisiana Purchase. The court ruled 7 to 2 against Scott, stating that slaves were property, and the court would not deprive slave owners of their property without due process of law according to the Fifth Amendment. This case was one of the major factors leading to the American Civil War.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Emancipation Proclamation **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> - a presidential order on January 1, 1863 declaring the freedom of all slaves in those areas of the Confederate States of America that had not already returned to Union control. It was not a law passed by a Congress but a proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln, based on the war powers given to the President by the Constitution.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Frederick Douglass - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, c. 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia," Douglass was the most prominent African-American of his time, and one of the most influential lecturers and authors in American history.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Gettysburg Address **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> - Abraham Lincoln's most famous speech, was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on November 19, 1863, four and one-half months after the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Harriet Beecher Stowe ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an abolitionist, and writer of more than 10 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery, and which was first published in serial form from 1851 to 1852 in an abolitionist organ, the National Era, edited by Gamaliel Bailey.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Jefferson Davis **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> - He is most famous for serving as the only President of the Confederate States of America, leading the rebelling southern slave states (the Confederate States) to defeat during the American Civil War, 1861-65. Davis was never touched by corruption, but he lacked the astute political skills of his counterpart Abraham Lincoln, and was unable to devise a successful military strategy in the face of the much larger and more industrially developed Union.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. John Brown ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858).


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Republican party - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> a major US political party also known as the GOP (standing for the Grand Old Party). The symbol of the Republican party is the elephant. The Republican party was founded as an anti-slavery party in the mid 1800s. The first Republican US President was Abraham Lincoln.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Robert E. Lee - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">was a U.S. Army officer and the most successful general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. Lee at first opposed the Confederacy and nearly accepted a major Union command, but when his home state of Virginia seceded he chose to join with his family and neighbors and fight for Virginia. His first major command came in June 1862 when he took over the Confederacy's premier combat force, the Army of Northern Virginia, with responsibility for defending Richmond.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Secession **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> - the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or political entity.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Slavery **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> - forced unpaid labor.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Ulysses S. Grant - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was a Union general in the American Civil War and the 18th (1869–1877) President of the United States.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Union **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> - comprised of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kansas, California, Nevada and Oregon.

=Important People:=


 * 1) **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jefferson Davis **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician. He served in the U.S. Congress.
 * 2) **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">William Mahone **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: (December 1, 1826 – October 8, 1895), was a civil engineer, teacher, soldier, and a member of the Virginia General Assembly and U.S. Congress.
 * 3) **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Braxton Bragg **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
 * 4) **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nathan Bedford Forrest **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: (July 13, 1821 – October 29, 1877), was a Confederate general and perhaps the American Civil War's most highly regarded cavalry and guerrilla leader
 * 5) **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: (January 21, 1824–May 10, 1863) was an American teacher and soldier. He became a famous Confederate general during the American Civil War.
 * 6) **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">James Ewell Brown Stuart **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: (February 6, 1833 – May 12, 1864) was an American soldier from Virginia and a Confederate Army general during the American Civil War.
 * 7) **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Braxton Bragg **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
 * 8) **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Joseph Eggleston Johnston **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

=<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sources: =

**Document 1:**
Excerpt from a speech by Albert Gallatin Brown, a Mississippi politician

September 26, 1860

(The Northerners) hate us now, and they teach their children in their schools and churches to hate

our children...the John Brown raid...the abolitionists among us, tell the tale...The North is

accumulating power, and it means to use that power to emancipate (free) your slaves...Disunion

is a fearful thing, but emancipation is worse. Better leave the union in the open face of day, than

be lighted from it at midnight by the arsonist's torch."


 * A**: Albert Gallatin Brown


 * P**: Mississippi, 9-26-1860


 * P**: The North and the South hated each other and each side wanted to have more power.


 * A**: Southerners


 * R**: This was a rally call for Southerners to rise up against the North.


 * T**: The main idea is for Southerners to fight the North, so that they can be more powerful then the North.


 * S**: This is significant because it shows the tension that was going on before the civil war.

**Document 2:**
Excerpt from Dred Scott v. Sandford, Supreme Court decision, 1857

...upon full and careful consideration of the subject, the court is of the opinion, that, upon the

facts stated...Dred Scott was not a citizen of Missouri within the meaning of the constitution of

the United States and note entitled as such to sue in its courts.


 * A**: Judge of Dred Scott vs. Sandford decision


 * P**: Supreme Court, 1857


 * P**: This court case was about how if a slave was sold to a free state, then that slave became a free man.


 * A**: United States Citizens


 * R**: This case showed that the South had more power in this decision, because slaves would not be granted freedom if they made it to a free state.


 * T**: The main idea of this is that slaves would not become free if they got into a free state.


 * S**: This is significant, because it shows that the South still had support with slavery from the government.

**Document 3:**
“Cotton is King,” a speech given by James Henry Hammond on March 4, 1858.

…It appears, by going to the report of the Secretary of Treasury, which are authentic, that last

year the United States exported in round numbers $279,000,000 worth of domestic produce,

excluding gold and foreign merchandise re-exported. Of this amount $158,000,000 worth is the

clear produce of the South; articles that are not and cannot be made at the North. There are then

$80,000,000 worth of exports of products of the forest, provisions and breadstuffs. If we assume

that the South made but one third of these, and I think that is a low calculation, our exports were

$185,000,000, leaving to the North less than $95,000,000.

In addition to this, we sent to the North $30,000,000 worth of cotton, which is not counted

in the exports. We sent to her $7 of $8,000,000 worth of tobacco, which is not counted in the

exports. We sent naval stores, lumber, rice, and many other minor articles. There is no doubt

that we sent to the North $40,000,000 in addition; but suppose the amount to be $35,000,000, it

will give us a surplus production of $220,000,000. But the recorded exports of the South now

are greater than the whole exports of the United States in any year before 1856. They are greater

than the whole average exports of the United States for the last twelve years, including the two

extraordinary years of 1856 and 1857….

With an export of $220,000,000 under the present tariff, the South organized separately

would have $40,000,000 of revenue. With one-fourth the present tariff, she would have a

revenue with the present tariff adequate to all her wants, for the South would never go to war;

she would never need an army or a navy, beyond a few garrisons on the frontiers and a few

revenue cutters….

No, you dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares to make war upon it.

Cotton is king….


 * A**: James Henry Hammond


 * P**: The South, 3-4-1858


 * P**: Cotton was the largest cash crop that was farmed in the south, but that crop ended up causing a nation divide.


 * A**: The United States of America


 * R**: This speech was to show how such a small thing can control a nation.


 * T**: The main idea is too show how cotton had the power to control a great nation, and too show how power hungry people are.


 * S**: This is significant, due to the fact that it pointed out the truth of the fact that cotton was the king of the United States.

**Document 4:**
Slaves Owned in Groups of 10-99………………………………………61%

Slaves Owned in Groups of 1-9…………………………………………25%

Slaves Owned in Groups of 100 or more………………………………..8%

Free African Americans…………………………………………………6%

African American Population

Southern United States

1860


 * A**: Southern statistics


 * P**: South, 1860


 * P**: Many slave owners owned large groups of slaves, because they need all of them to pick their crops for them.


 * A**: U.S Citizens


 * R**: This shows how many large groups of slaves were owned, and how little their were of free African Americans in 1860.


 * T**: The main idea of this is to show how little amount of African Americans were free in the United States.


 * S**: This is significant, because it shows how dense slavery was in the South.

**Document 5:**
“A geographical line has been drawn across the union, and all the States north of that line

have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States

whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery…he has declared that ‘Government

cannot endure permanently half slave and half free,’ and that the public mind must rest in

the belief that Slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction.”

Ordinance of Secession

Unanimously approved by the State Legislature

December 10, 1860


 * A**: U.S State Legislature


 * P**: U.S.A, 12-10-1860


 * P**: The North and South had high tensions over the issue of slavery.


 * A**: Citizens of the United States


 * R**: This article is trying to pursue the South to end slavery, and have it become extinct.


 * T**: The main idea of this Ordinance is to have the South become free and give up slavery.


 * S**: This is significant, because it marks a land mark in our history that we all came together and became one Nation for all.

**Document 6:**
"And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are,

and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and

maintain the freedom of said persons."

-Emancipation Proclamation


 * A**: Abraham Lincoln


 * P**: America January 1st, 1863


 * P**: Declared slavery illegal, in the rebellion states.


 * A**: Confederate States of America, Slaves, American Ciizens


 * R**: Abraham Lincoln issued this in order to entice slaves to escape to the North, and to put an end to slavery.


 * T**: The main idea of this except is to convey that slaves are thenceforth free and protected.


 * S**: This is a major event in American history that was the first significant step to ending slavery forever in America.

Document 7:
To Whom it may concern:

Any proposition which embraces the restoration of peace, the integrity of the whole Union, and the abandonment of slavery, and which comes by and with an authority

that can control the armies now at war against the United States will be received and considered by the Executive government of the United States, and will be met by

liberal terms on other substantial and collateral points; and the bearer, or bearers thereof shall have safe-conduct both ways.

Abraham Lincoln


 * A**: Abraham Lincoln


 * P**: July 18, 1864


 * P**: Call for confederate power holders to turn to the Union and for preservation.


 * A**: Confederate Authority


 * R**: Lincoln is trying to win the Civil- War so he calls for men that have actually been in authority as the enemy.


 * T**: The main idea of this letter is to persuade and entice a confederate traitor.


 * S**: This shows the lengths Lincoln was willing to go to to win the war and preserve the Union.

Document 8:
The present is a time when every colored man in the land should bring this important question home to his own heart. It is not enough to know that white men and

women are nobly devoting themselves to our cause; we should know what is being done among ourselves. That our white friends have done, and are still doing, a

great and good work for us, is a fact which ought to excite in us sentiments of the profoundest gratitude; but it must never be forgotten that when they have exerted all

their energies, devised every scheme, and done all they can do in asserting our rights, proclaiming our wrongs, and rebuking our foes, their labor is lost--yea, worse

than lost, unless we are found in the faithful discharge of our anti-slavery duties.


 * A**: Fredrick Douglas


 * P**: U.S. July 14, 1848


 * P**: To encourage colored people not to depend on the whites and assert their own rights.


 * A**: Colored people of America


 * R**: Convince colored people to take control of their anti-slavery duties


 * T**: Whites have done a great job fighting for the rights of colored people but Douglas believes colored people should take it into their own hands.


 * S**: Douglas's self enhancement ideas influenced the colored people of the time and of future generations.

Document 9:



 * A**: Government


 * P**: U.S


 * P**: Call of colored men to fight


 * A**: Colored men


 * R**: Gather more troops for the Union army, so that they had more man power over the issue of slavery.


 * T**: The colored men of America can provide enough troops to win the war, because then they will have more power then the South.


 * S**: Colored troops significantly contributed to the outcome of the war, because they gave the fighting power that was need to beat the South.

Document 10:



 * A**: Benjamin Franklin


 * P**: U.S


 * P**: America is divided over the issue of slaver. Also this shows how there was no unity in the U.S., and no one could come to any agreements.


 * A**: American citizens


 * R**: To promote unity among the states


 * T**: An old poster created during the revolution that was reused during the civil war in order to gain unity and support for the fight over slavery.


 * S**: Unless the states can over come their problems and unite, the country will be consumed by war and tension.

=Sites:=
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">@http://www.civilwar.com/: This site gives explanation on the Civil War. Also it explains what weapons were used at that time
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">@http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/: This site has photos and video on the civil war.
 * 3) @http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war: This site gives background knowledge that helped led up to the start of the Civil War.
 * 4) @http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/: This site gives important dates for this time period.
 * 5) @http://www.civilwarhome.com/: This site has biographies on it and it also talks about the battles and so much more!

=FRQ:= 1. Analyze how the ideas and experiences of the revolutionary era influenced the principles embodied in the Articles of Confederation.

2. Analyze the political, economic, and religious tensions between immigrant Roman Catholics and native-born Protestants in the United States from the 1830s through the 1850s.

3. Analyze how the tension between the North and South with the issue of slavery, caused the initiation of the Civil War.

=Videos:=


 * 1) [|http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/videos#america-divided]
 * 2) [|http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/videos#civil-war-tech]