Unit+6

Vocabulary
 * Unit 6: Prelude to War 1845-1860**
 * Ryan Barbero & Anthony Cantu**

Chapter 17:

David Walker- Was an outspoken African American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery. In 1829, he published "Walker's Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World"

Nat Turner- was an American who led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths and at least 100 black deaths,the largest number of fatalities to occur in one uprising prior to the American Civil War in the southern United States.

Sojourner Truth- was the self-given name, from 1843 onward, of Isabella Baumfree, an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, Ulster County, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son, she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man.

Theodore Dwight Weld- is best known for his co-authorship of the authoritative compenduim, //American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses//, published in 1839

Frederick Douglass- an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.

Chapter 19: Stephen Douglas- Took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromised passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the compromise up to get it passed.

Lewis Cass- Ran for president in 1848 but Gen. Taylor won. The north was against Cass because popular sovereignty made it possible for slavery to spread.

Zachary Taylor- Taylor was a general and hero of the Mexican-American war. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He was a good soldier but a poor administrator. He was in office during the crisis of California's admittance to the Union but died in office before a compromise could be worked out, and left vice president Filmore to finalize a deal between the hostile north and south.

Franklin Pierce- was elected president in the 1852 election. He was a pro-southern northerner who supported the Compromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law. He also tried to gain Cuba for the South as a slave state, but was stopped because of Northern public opinion after the incident in Ostend, Belgium. He also supported the dangerous Kansas-Nebraska Act pushed for by Senator Douglas. He was succeeded in 1856 by James Buchanan.

John C. Calhoun- a sixty-eight year old South Carolina senator who died in 1850 of tuberculosis. He proposed to leave slavery as it was and restore the slavocracy by returning the runaway slaves to their owners. He wanted to preserve the Union and he believed in the Constitution.

Winfield Scott- He was the old general figure that the Whigs used to symbolize them. Scott, however, did not win the election of 1852. His personality did not fit with the masses which cost him the election. Pierce won the election of 1852

Matthew C. Perry- He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan

Henry Clay- Should have been nominated by the Whigs in the 1848 election because he was the ideal Whig. However, he made too many speeches which created too many enemies. He also came up with the Compromise of 1850.

Free-Soil Party- The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

Fugitive Slave Law- a law passed just before the Civil War also called the "Bloodhound Bill", slaves who escaped could not testify in their behalf and were not allowed a trial by jury. If the judge in the case freed the slave they would receive five dollars, if not they would get ten dollars. Those found helping slaves would be fined or jailed. This added to the rage in the North.

Underground Railroad- chain of anti-slavery homes at which slaves were hidden and taken to the north, Harriet Tubman is known for her role in this

Compromise of 1850- his compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with disputed territory, and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South.

Ostend Manifesto- The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought

The Kansas-Nebraska Act- set forth in 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty.

Chapter 20:

Hinton Helper: Hinton Rowan Helper in the 1850’s stood as a Southern US critic of slavery. In the late 1850’s he published a book, //The Impending Crisis of The South//, in which he dedicated to the “nonslaveholding whites” of the South. Hinton attempted to prove indirectly that due to slavery, the non-slave holding whites were the ones suffering the most. The book ended up being banned in the South but later distributed for Republicans as a campaign material.

John Brown: A militant abolitionist that fought for what he believed in by going to extreme measures. By May 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and killed five people by launching a bloody attack against pro-slavery men. This triggered a violent retaliation and gave Kansas its nickname “Bloody Kansas.”

Charles Sumner: Stood as a leading abolitionist from Massachusetts but not well liked. In 1856, in his crude speech “The Crime Against Kansas,” Sumner insulted pro-slavery in South Carolina and the South, which angered Congressman Brooks. Brooks walked up to Sumner’s desk and beat him unconscious leading to war between the North and the South.

Dred Scott: A black slave who lived in the Wisconsin and Illinois territory for five years under his master. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The court case Dred Scott v. Sandford, also known as The Dred Scott Decision, ruled that people of African descent being held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution and were not U.S. citizens. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen but merely a black slave. Therefore, he could not sue in a federal court.

Roger Taney: Was the Chief Justice of the Dred Scott court case who ruled against Dred Scott. Scott was denied freedom because his owner could legally hold him as a slave as his property. This court ruling was one major cause to the start of the Civil War.

John Breckenridge: In 1856 he was elected vice-president and After the Democrats split, the Northern Democrats no longer supported him. Breckenridge favored the extension of slavery, but was not a Disunionist. Breckinridge also wanted to keep the Union together, but when the polls started he couldn't even get the votes of his own party.

John Bell: Nominated for presidency in 1860 by the Constitutional Union Party, which formed a split in the Union. He was a compromise candidate.

John Crittenden: A Senator of Kentucky with two sons. One son was a general in the Union Army, and another was a general in the Confederate Army. He is responsible for the Crittenden Compromise. This changed the fact that the war was often between families, and its absurdity. Kentucky and other states were split up between the Union and Confederacy, and both the North and South sent people to the other side. The war was primarily over the issue of slavery.

The Impending Crisis of the South: Hinton helper authored this book in which he used this book to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery.

Bleeding Kansas: By popular sovereignty, Kansas was being disputed during the last 1850’s over free of slave soil. There were more free-soilers than slave-soilers in 1857.

Know-Nothing Party: A movement by the navitist American political faction of the 1850’s, mainly characterized by political xenophobia, and anti-catholic sentiment It was influenced by the fear of being overwhelmed by the German and Irish Catholics immigrants.

Panic of 1857: The California gold rush increased inflation and speculation in railroads and land had “ripped economic fabric.” The inflation hit the North harder than the South due to the South having cotton as a reliable source of income. The North desired free land from the government. The inflation had increased tariffs and later gave Republicans a reason for an issue in the election of 1860.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln went through a series of 7 debates with Douglas winning the senate seat. These debates gave Lincoln more fame and helped him to win the presidency later on. The debates foreshadowed the beginning of the Civil War.

Freeport Doctrine: Occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the Lincoln-Douglas debates for senator. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the majority decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford.

Harper’s Ferry Raid: In October of 1859, John Brown attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. He was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were that the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North. Brown became an icon to the northern abolitionist cause.

Constitutional Union Party: Also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party1860 election. It was a group that feared for the Union and consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings. They met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency. Their slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

People Sojourner Truth: was the self-given name, from 1843 onward, of Isabella Baumfree, an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, Ulster County, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son, she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man. Sojourner Truth was a freed slave who lived in America during the late 1800's. She was also known as Isabella. From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. She was also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.

Abraham Lincoln: nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest Abe"; born in Kentucky to impoverished parents and mainly self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states).

Henry clay: Should have been nominated by the Whigs in the 1848 election because he was the ideal Whig. However, he made too many speeches which created too many enemies. He also came up with the Compromise of 1850. Henry Clay did not have much time to live after the Compromise of 1850. He spent the summer of 1851 as his estate Ashland. Although dying of tuberculosis, he returned to Washington and made another appearance in the Senate, but afterwards was confined to his room in the National Hotel, where he died on June 29, 1852

Frederick Douglass: American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery.

Stephen Douglas: Took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromised passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the compromise up to get it passed. Wealthy land speculator,Helped make Chicago a major hub of railroads,Elected to Illinois legislature in 1836, Judge of Supreme Court of Illinois 1841-1843,Elected to US House of Representatives in 1843,Elected to US Senate in 1847 [Senator until 1861], Supported the Compromise of 1850 (Missouri Compromise),In US Senate, sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 ,which was Popular Sovereignty APPARTS 1

"America is false to the past, false to the present, and solemnly binds herself to be false to the future" A- Frederick Douglass P- July 5, 1852 Roschester, New York P- Frederick douglass was requested to give a speech on the fourth of July to a large gathering of pro-abolitionists, he glady accepted the offer as it was one of his most prestige performances. As a former but educated slave himself, he felt that the celebration was a mockery of African Americans, and the idea of him speaking of that day was absolutely irony A-The president and other pro-abolitionist politicians and company R- To expose the hypotcricy of Americans and the values that the country was founded on, which shallowly extend only to native-born white males. He states that he is insulted that he was asked to speak of the nation so highly when the very same nation opresses and enslaves his people. T- Americans need to realize that their core values are falde and at the time it seemed that their views on slavery would never change. It was hypocritical, foolish, and insulting to ask Frederick Douglass to speak on the fourth of July. S- This eye opening qoute and the speech from which it came, were both eye-opening and ground breaking, in that it did not trigger a riot and that he spoke truth. Many in the audience agreed and it only bolstered the pro-abolitionist movement.

APPARTS 2

"If the Cotton States shall decide that they can better out of the Union than in it, we insist in letting them go in peace. The right to secede may be a revolutionary one.. but it exists nevertheless"

A- Horace Greeley P- 3 days after Abraham Lincoln's election, in his New York Tribune P- 3 days prior President was elected and as a result the Southern states seceded, seeing his administration as a threat to southern economy and slavery A- Greeley's direct audience was his city of New York but this statement spoke for and was backed by many Northerners who felt that negotiation with the South was now impossible and that coexisting was tearing the nation further apart R- To calm and explain that what the south was necessary T- That seccesion was inevitable and that the Union will prosper and move on with or without them S- This statement was a wake up call to Northerners that they were truly on their own now A APPARTS 3

"I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which i belong, having the superior position... [but] there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entit;ed to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence.."

A- Abraham Lincoln P 1858, in a debate with Stephen A. Douglas P- Lincoln was the Republican nominee for the senate, and he challenged Douglas to a series of debates, in which he seemed like the underdog but he soon showed that through logic and reason, he was also a exceptional debater A- The American public on his views of the relations between blacks and whites R- To show that he was not a black sympathizer and was in fact still a racist, but was more concerned with the inconsistencies and hypocrisy that America had allowed. T- He was racist, but not an oppreser S- this gave slaves, both freed and enslaved a poster boy, and regardless of Lincoln's personal views. Blacks rallied behind and were grateful to Lincoln for his support, and looked past his personal distaste for them.

APPARTS 4

A- John Osborne P- July 8th  P- This is post civil war and Lincoln is running against Douglas in the 1860 presidential election A- People of the United States R- To Show how much Lincoln was in favor to win over the much smaller canidate Douglas. The main issue was the issue on slavery. T- to show how much Lincoln was involved on the issue of slavery. S- Both Lincoln’s height and Douglas’s diminutive stature are exaggerated but it shows that Lincoln was more for the cause of slavery then Douglas, so he was expected to win because the main problem was on the slave issue.

APPARTS 5

A-UNKNOWN

P- The United States in 1860

P- The south is a huge manufacture for cotton, which is farmed by slaves

A-People in the US.

R- to show how much production of cotton was produced in the south

T- That slaves worked on the cotton fields.

S- Slaves worked on the fields, so with the loss of slavery the south would lose its economy cause it was focused on slavery.

APPARTS 6

"I've been studying... and it's [clear] to me, it wasn't John Browne that died on that gallows... its [clear] to me it wasn't a mortal man, it was God in him."

A- Harriet Tubman P- After hearing of John Browne's execution P- John Browne's abolitionist efforts such as his raid on Harper's Ferry, were admired and honored by abolitionists like Harriet Tubman, and he gained immeasurable respect from the black community. Harriet Tubman, a fellow abolitionist, sympathized for his death, saying that his actions were gifts from God. A- The American public R- to honor and praise John Browne's efforts T- This sums up how the black community viewed Browne and the impact he had on reaching equality. it also shows how bad sectionalism had become, where execution was plausible punishment for aiding the abolitionist movement, and how seriously some Americans felt about enslaving and oppressing blacks. S- John Browne and Harriet Tubman, both fellow abolitionists, worked hard for equality with her managing of the Underground Railroad, and his Raid on Harper's Fairy

APPARTS 7

" They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to asssociate with the white race, eother in social or political situations..." Roger B. Taney on the status of slaves when the constitution was adopted, and how it affected his decision on the Dred Scott ruling.

A- Roger B. Taney P- defending his decision on the Dred Scott case P- Dred Scott fought a long and arduous legal battle, in which he sued for his freedom since he had lived for several years on free soil, but lost due to the constitution stating that slaves were property and therefore void of the human rights granted by the constitution. A- The American public R- To defend his decision in denying Scott freedom T- That the constitution had never planned to include blacks under the umbrella of protection provided by the Constitution S- THis shows how obdurate southerners and and past Supreme Judges had been. They were unsympathetic towards humans simply because of color and hid behind the mistakes of their founding fathers, rather than taint their own name and admit that they were racist.

APPARTS 8

A-UNKNOWN P-The US. In 1850 P-The US was at conflict over the issue of slavery A-The American People R- to show the division of the nation T- To determine the states that are free and slave states by the comprises of 1850. S- it created more conflict between the states because they wanted a majority on there side.

APPARTS 9

A-UNKNOWN P- The United States P- That slavery is the main cause of the division of slavery. A- The people of the United States R- The show the people that slavery need to be abolished T- That slaves will aways be differed from whites S- that black will always be treated different and looked wrong apon by the white man

APPARTS 10

A- Harriet Beecher Stowe P- The United states 1852 P- That it was to show the point of view of the slaves A- People who are US citizens R- To Show the truth to the people T- Slavery S- It opened the eyes of the people in the US and changed point of view on the issue of slavery.

FRQ #1 Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following has contributed to the development of national identity and the strengthening of a state.
 * 1) Economic Development
 * 2) Relocation of a state’s capital (since 1950)

FRQ #2 Evaluate the influence of Henry Clay’s compromises on American politics 2. Fierce debates over the expansion of slavery 3. Missouri would upset balance
 * 1) Missouri Compromise

FRQ #3 Analyze the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions in the period 1820-1861.

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Provides information on the measures taken by the senators, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Calhoun to introduce or take down the Compromise. It also gives the reader the inside on how the Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state and the creation of new territories like Utah and New Mexico, while questioning slavery and later answered by popular sovereignty.

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Gives the reader the events leading up to the Panic of 1850 and the affairs during the crisis.

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States Lincoln’s accomplishments and efforts taken while in the White House. Also gives background information on his inaugural address and Gettysburg.

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Shows the reader the life of a slave around the time of the Underground Railroad and the facts about the organized network.

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Provides information of the background of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the events leading up to the establishment of the two opposing legislatures.

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