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Unit 2: The Revolution 1760-1785

__//Vocabulary ~//__
__Chapter Six__

Samuel de Champlain - French explorer in the Americas: Founder of Quebec and first colonial governor.

William Pitt - British politician and youngest Prime Minister in 1783 at the age of 24.

Robert de la Salle - French explorer who explored the Great Lakes region in the U.S. and the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River, and Canada.

James Wolfe - A British army officer who is chiefly remember for his victory over the French in Canada.

Edward Braddock - British solider and commander-in-chief for the 13 colonies during the actions at the start of the French and Indian war.

Pontiac - Ottawa leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's rebellion.

Huguenots - Members of the Protestant reformed church in France during the 16th and 17th centuries.

French and Indian War - Another name for the Seven Years War fought primarily between the colonies of Great Britain and France.

Albany Congress - Meeting of representatives from seven of the British North American colonies to deal with Iroquois grievances against the English.

Proclamation of 1763 - Issued after the French and Indian War in attempt to ease the fears of the Native Americans

__Chapter Seven__

John Hancock - President of the Continental Congress and first signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Lord North - Frederick North who was Prime Minister of Great Britain and led them through most of the American War for Independence.

George Grenville - British Whig Statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Samuel Adams - Organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Charles Townshend - Chancellor of the Exchequer, sometimes called "Champagne Charlie" because of his penchant for that bubbly drink, charged into the leadership void

John Adams - Second president of the United States

King George III - King of England during the American Revolution and took steps to tighten control over American colonies.

Baron von Stueben - Prussian born military officer who served as an inspector general and Major general of the Continental Army during the Revolution.

Mercantilism - Belief in the benefits of profitable trading.

“No taxation without representation” - Slogan that summarized a primary grievance of the British colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution.

Royal Veto - The method by which constitutional monarch formally approves and promulgates an act of his or her nation's parliament, thus making it a law.

Internal/External Taxation - Internal taxation deals with a direct tax on an item. External taxation is a tax placed on an item being shipped out of a colony.

“Virtual” representation - The idea that members of Parliament spoke for the interests of all British subjects rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them.

Boycott - Withdraw from commercial or social relations as a punishment or protest.

The Boards of Trade - A committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

Sons of Liberty - Political group made up of American Patriots.

Quebec Act - An act of the Parliament of Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec.

Navigation Acts - Series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping between England and the colonies.

Declaratory Act - Declaration of the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act.

First Continental Congress - A convention of delegates from twelve if the thirteen North American colonies that met early in the Revolution.

Sugar Act 1764 - An act that halved the price of the tax on molasses.

Currency Act of 1764 - Banished the use of paper money as legal currency in all of the British colonies.

North Carolina Regulators - Wealthy business/politicians whose goal was to form honest government and reduce taxation.

Townshend Acts - Series of laws passes by Parliament of Great Britain relating to British colonies in North America.

Quartering Act - An act that required local authorities to provide housing for British troops.

The Association - A systems created by the First Continental Congress for implementing a trade boycott with Great Britain.

Stamp Act - A direct tax imposed by Britain that required many printed items to be printed on taxed stamped paper.

Committees of Correspondence - A shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution.

Hessians - German soldier hired by their rulers through the British empire.

Admiralty courts - Courts exercising jurisdiction over all maritime contracts, torts, injuries, and offenses.

Boston Tea Party - Colonists boarded vessels and dumped cargoes of tea into the ocean to make a stand and point against the British rule.

Loyalists - American colonists who remained loyal to the British Monarch.

Stamp Act Congress - First Congress of American colonies who humbly acknowledged parliaments right to make laws in the colonies.

Intolerable Acts - Series of laws enacted by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party.

Continental - Forming or belonging to a continent.

__Chapter Eight__

George Washington- First President of the United States of America from 1789-1797. Also served as a dominant general for the Union from 1775-1799.

William Howe-British Army Commander who became Commander-In-Chief of the British forces during the American Revolution. Came from a family of distinguished military careers.

Nathanael Greene-Major General of the Continental in the American Revolutionary War. Seen by George Washington as his "most dependable officer." Rose from the lowest rank private to a top-grade official during the Revolution.

Benedict Arnold- general during the Revolutionary War. Originally served for the U.S but eventually defected to the British Army. Plotted to "surrender" a fort to the british forces, but was caught in Sept. 1780.

John Burgoyne-British army officerr who first fought in the Seven year's war. Most notable fight is the Portugal campaign of 1762.

Charles Cornwallis-Was the leading British officer from 1762-1792, opposed the Americans during the Revolution and was eventually caught and forced to surrender.

Thomas Paine- Published esaay "common sense" proposing that the idea of revolution was common sense for Americans due to an infringement of their natural rights.

Barry St, Leger-British colonel who led an British invasion during the Revolutionary War.

George Rogers Clark-was a soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War

Richard Henry Lee-proposed for unification and separation from Britain during the 2nd Continental Congress and gained popularity for doing so.

Horatio Gates-Originally a retired British officer, switched to become a high-ranking American General in the American Revolution.

John Paul Jones-the first well-known naval officer of the new nation of America, originally serving as a Scottish sailor.

Thomas Jefferson-3rd President of the United States, also renown for writing the Declaration of Independence.

Marquis de Lafayette-A famed French aristocrat, also served as a high-ranking officer in the American and French Revolutions.

Admiral de Grasse-Commanded the French naval fleet that directly led to the surrender of the British forces at the Battle of Yorktown.

Patrick Henry-Member of the First and Second Continental Congresses, famous for his "Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death" speech rejecting British taxation without representation.

Comte de Rochambeau-Commander-In-Chief of the French Expeditionary Forces to ally the Americans during the Revolutionary War. Considered a Founding Father of the United States of America.

John Jay-Originally a wealthy American Lawyer, because the first Chief Justice of the United States of America.

Mercenaries-People who are hired for wartime fighting as opposed to actually being a citizen of the country at war.

Natural Rights Theory- Theory dubbed by John Locke; states that as a human being one is entitled to natural rights (later addressed in the 1st Amendment);argues that once these rights are obstructed, war is a necessary response.

Privateering-the process of using privately owned ships during wartime to capture vessels and goods.

Second Continental Congress-convention of U.S. delegates responsible for popularizing the independence of the Union, also responsible for the creation and signing of the Declaration of Independence.

Common Sense- essay written by Thomas Paine saying that at this point in the state of America it is common sense to revolt against the British tyranny; it bacame the second best selling book second to only the Bible at that time in America.

Declaration of Independence- Written by Thomas Jefferon, proposed an official document sent to Great Britain stating that America was seceding from the British Empire on the argument largely based off Thomas Paine's //Common Sense.//

Loyalists/Tories- Conservative Americans at the time of the American Revolution who rejected Progression and subsequently sided with the British Army to fight against the Patriots.

Whigs/Patriots- Political party of iconoclastic Americans who rejected the British Empire and fought against the British and the Tories in the Revolutionary War.

Treaty of Paris 1783- officially ended warfare between the newly created United States of America and the falling British empire.


 * 5 Credible Sources with Info:**

1. The White House- http://www.whitehouse.gov/ Gives valuable insight on the vocabulary terms such as all the presidents, other valuable government officials, as well as added info. If you wish to learn more information on the vocabulary, this site provides valuable, deep information.

2. Brittanica- http://www.britannica.com/ Provides unbiased information from encyclopedias of knowledge to research with. Gives information on all capes of American history, not just the "american-side."

3. U-S history- http://www.u-s-history.com/ Standard site. Provides more than enough information on all topics regarding the Revolutionary War. Provides key information on all the terms above. All-around legitimate, helpful information.

4. Revolutionary War- http://www.revolutionary-war.net/ Legitimate information providing key, concise information on all topics regarding the American revolution. Site completely dedicated to providing information regarding this Unit.

5.NNBD- http://www.nndb.com/ A new beta site that tracks the lives and biographies of every important person ever to exist. essentially an internet super database dedicated to the history of mankind, the Revolutionary War included.


 * 2 Videos:**

http://www.youtube.com/embed/HwWi0zdF7wk

http://www.youtube.com/embed/GFa1K4ASjac


 * People:**


 * Samuel de Champlain** - French explorer in the Americas: Founder of Quebec and first colonial governor.


 * William Pitt** - British politician and youngest Prime Minister in 1783 at the age of 24.


 * Robert de la Salle -** French explorer who explored the Great Lakes region in the U.S. and the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River, and Canada.


 * James Wolfe** - A British army officer who is chiefly remember for his victory over the French in Canada.


 * Edward Braddock** - British solider and commander-in-chief for the 13 colonies during the actions at the start of the French and Indian war.


 * John Hancock** - President of the Continental Congress and first signer of the Declaration of Independence.


 * Lord North** - Frederick North who was Prime Minister of Great Britain and led them through most of the American War for Independence.


 * George Grenville** - British Whig Statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain.


 * Samuel Adams** - Organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence.


 * Charles Townshend** - Chancellor of the Exchequer, sometimes called "Champagne Charlie" because of his penchant for that bubbly drink, charged into the leadership void


 * John Adams** - Second president of the United States


 * King George III** - King of England during the American Revolution and took steps to tighten control over American colonies.


 * Baron von Stueben** - Prussian born military officer who served as an inspector general and Major general of the Continental Army during the Revolution.


 * George Washington**- First President of the United States of America from 1789-1797. Also served as a dominant general for the Union from 1775-1799.


 * William Howe**- British Army Commander who became Commander-In-Chief of the British forces during the American Revolution. Came from a family of distinguished military careers.


 * Nathanael Greene**-Major General of the Continental in the American Revolutionary War. Seen by George Washington as his "most dependable officer." Rose from the lowest rank private to a top-grade official during the Revolution.


 * Benedict Arnold**- general during the Revolutionary War. Originally served for the U.S but eventually defected to the British Army. Plotted to "surrender" a fort to the british forces, but was caught in Sept. 1780.


 * John Burgoyne**- British army officerr who first fought in the Seven year's war. Most notable fight is the Portugal campaign of 1762.


 * Charles Cornwallis**- Was the leading British officer from 1762-1792, opposed the Americans during the Revolution and was eventually caught and forced to surrender.


 * Thomas Paine**- Published esaay "common sense" proposing that the idea of revolution was common sense for Americans due to an infringement of their natural rights.


 * Barry St, Leger**- British colonel who led an British invasion during the Revolutionary War.


 * George Rogers Clark**- Was a soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War


 * Richard Henry Lee**- proposed for unification and separation from Britain during the 2nd Continental Congress and gained popularity for doing so.


 * Horatio Gates**- Originally a retired British officer, switched to become a high-ranking American General in the American Revolution.


 * John Paul Jones**- the first well-known naval officer of the new nation of America, originally serving as a Scottish sailor.


 * Thomas Jefferson**- 3rd President of the United States, also renown for writing the Declaration of Independence.


 * Marquis de Lafayette**- A famed French aristocrat, also served as a high-ranking officer in the American and French Revolutions.


 * Admiral de Grasse-** Commanded the French naval fleet that directly led to the surrender of the British forces at the Battle of Yorktown.


 * Patrick Henry**- Member of the First and Second Continental Congresses, famous for his "Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death" speech rejecting British taxation without representation.


 * Comte de Rochambeau**- Commander-In-Chief of the French Expeditionary Forces to ally the Americans during the Revolutionary War. Considered a Founding Father of the United States of America.


 * John Jay**- Originally a wealthy American Lawyer, because the first Chief Justice of the United States of America.

1. Analyse and discuss the origins and development of the rising tensions between North American Colonists and Great Britain. Confine your answer to the time period 1760-1785. 2. Analyse the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Use facts from the time period 1775-1783. 3. Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials’ resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values.
 * FRQ**


 * 10 Primary Sources (APPARTS)**

1.
 * Author: Benjamin Franklin**
 * Place/Time: Albany Congress**
 * Prior Knowledge: Benjamin Frankline proposed the idea that without unification of the states the newly theorized America will fall under the British tyranny.**
 * Audience: Other intellectuals/patriots at the Albany congress, each representing a state in the union.**
 * Reason: To propose unification of the states under on nation/flag.**
 * The Main Idea: In order to combat the british, Franklin felt that the idea of unification was the only way for the Americans to stand a chance.**
 * Significance: This idea, although rejected, acted as a stepping stone for the esablishment of the United States of America.**

2."The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this Union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States; and the people of each State shall free ingress and regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any State, to any other State, of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any State, on the property of the United States, or either of them." Articles of Confederation-1777(article 4)
 * Author: Members of the First Continental Congress**
 * Place/Time:New Jersey; 1777**
 * Prior Knowledge: America in an attempt to unify under a federal union created laws to protect their natural rights based on beliefs of the Anti-Federalists.**
 * Audience: All citizens of America**
 * Reason: To form a government for the states that all states under their own popular sovereignty agree to.**
 * The Main Idea:These Articles acted as the formation of a union under weak federal law, which eventually required a stronger central government, but still these acted as a significant start.**
 * Significance:The Articles of Confederation acted as a weak start to eventually form the U.S. Constitution.**

3. "The navigation of the river Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States."-Peace of Paris (Article 8)
 * Author: Combination of the ideals of the United States and Great Britain.**
 * Place/Time: Paris, 1783**
 * Prior Knowledge: This treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War and created guidelines for the United States and Great Britain to follow.**
 * Audience: Americans and British**
 * Reason: To end the Revolutionary War.**
 * The Main Idea: This document ended the war and isolated the United States from their ties w/ Great Britain.**
 * Significance: This document acted as the beginning of the downfall of King George's tyranny and the beginning of the rise of American power.**

4."When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation." -Declaration of Independence 1776
 * Author:Thomas Jefferson**
 * Place/Time: Pennsylvania; 1776**
 * Prior Knowledge: Rising issues with Great Britain escalated to the point where America severed their ties with Britain, issuing the Declaration of Independence, based or the concepts of natural rights, popularized by John Locke.**
 * Audience:King George of Great Britain.**
 * Reason: To create a new union and separate themselves from the unfair taxation of the British monarchy.**
 * The Main Idea: The Declaration of Independence began the Revolutionary War officially and acted as unforgivable treason from the perspective of the king.**
 * Significance: This statrted the war which America won, and is now regarded as one of the most important, and saced, documents in American history.**

5."//Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled//, That the said territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district, subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient." -Northwest Ordinance 1787
 * Author: Accumulation of multiple members of the Continental Congress.**
 * Place/Time: Washington D.C; 1787**
 * Prior Knowledge: The Nothwest Ordinance created the first Northwest territories owned by the U.S.**
 * Audience: All American citizens/landowners.**
 * Reason: To expand America as a producer, a land owner, and a political and geographical power.**
 * The Main Idea: The Northwest Ordinance was arguable the most important piece of legislation passed by the members of the Continental Congress, other than the Declaration of Independence.**
 * Significance: This was the first piece of legislation regarding imperialism and expansion, two reoccuring themes of America's rise to being a superpower.**

6."Perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages, are not yet sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favor; a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defence of custom. But tumult soon subsides. Time makes more converts than reason. As a long and violent abuse of power is generally the means of calling the right of it in question, (and in matters too which might never have been thought of, had not the sufferers been aggravated into the inquiry,) and as the king of England hath undertaken in his own right, to support the parliament in what he calls theirs, and as the good people of this country are grievously oppressed by the combination, they have an undoubted privilege to inquire into the pretensions of both, and equally to reject the usurpations of either." - Common Sense by Thomas Paine (Introduction)
 * Author: Thomas Paine**
 * Place/Time: January 10th, 1776. Beginning of American Revolution.**
 * Prior Knowledge: It has the largest sale and circulation of any book in American History for it was written in a style that "common" people could understand.**
 * Audience: The literate citizens of America.**
 * Reason: It provided reasons to the argument that America should free themselves from British rule.**
 * The Main Idea: Used Biblical reasoning to support why America should free itself from Britain.**
 * Significance: Was a gateway to this new found way of thinking which eventually led to the Articles of Confederation, Revolutionary War, and Declaration of Independence.**

7. "He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the Executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands." - Declaration of Independence (1776) Author: Thomas Jefferson
 * Place/Time: July 4th, 1776.**
 * Prior Knowledge: The document claims the independence of America and was signed by the Continental Congress on July 4th.**
 * Audience: King of Britain and the American people.**
 * Reason: The United States was fed with Britain's harsh rule and oppression. So after the war, the Declaration was signed claiming freedom and separation.**
 * The Main Idea: Had a list of grievances against King George III and used that as reasoning to be a free standing nation.**
 * Significance: Is considered the foundation of today's nation and is the basis of modern American ideals.**

8. " The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever." - Articles of Confederation (Article III, 1777)
 * Author: First Continental Congress**
 * Place/Time: New Jersey; 1777**
 * Prior Knowledge: An attempt set a foundation or list of rules for the American people and was a gateway for the Declaration of Independence.**
 * Audience: All American Citizens**
 * Reason: To justify America's desire to be freed from British control.**
 * The Main Idea: A document full of reason why America should be an independent nation, and why Britain's controlling ties should be severed.**
 * Significance: It was a leading factor into the Declaration of Independence which later declared the US' independence.**

9. " Every state shall abide by the determinations of the united states in congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the united states, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state." -Articles of Confederation (Article VII, 1777)
 * Author: First Continental Congress**
 * Place/Time: New Jersey; 1777**
 * Prior Knowledge: Every state was required to follow the set determinations outlined in the document.**
 * Audience: All American Citizens.**
 * Reason: For the document's purpose to go into full affect, it was necessary to have every state's cooperation and commitment in its cause.**
 * The Main Idea: America needs to be freed from British monarchy.**
 * Significance: Unified the country as a whole and brought a sense of pride and determination into the young nation.**

10. " There shall be neither Slavery nor involuntary Servitude in the said territory otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid." - Northwest Ordinance (1787)


 * Author: Continental Congress**
 * Place/Time: Washington DC; 1787**
 * Prior Knowledge: It was an attempt to minimize slavery by abolishing it in certain states of the country.**
 * Audience: American Citizens.**
 * Reason: As the US expanded, there was always an issue on the topic of slavery, and whether it would be allowed into the new states or not. This ordinance tried to put that debate at ease.**
 * The Main Idea: To ease the disagreement on slavery and whether or it not is should be allowed in certain parts of the country.**
 * Significance: It was the first time that slavery was brought up as a controversial issue, and it's significant because it would be argued years later and cause a vast separation between states.**