Unit+4

Unit 4: The Jeffersonians 1800-1820

Chapter 11


 * Embargo Act:** Passed in 1807 it banned the U.S from exporting anything to other counties


 * Louisiana Purchase:** Thomas Jefferson bought the whole Louisiana territory from France. The land was very cheap because Napoleon was trying to finance his wars in Europe


 * Non-Intercourse Act:** Allowed America to start trading with all other countries except Britain and France. Less extreme than the Embargo Act.


 * Midnight Judges:** John Addams appointed this group of judges just before his term ended. They tended to be federalist and had a long term impact on the course of the country.


 * The Judiciary Act of 1801:** This allowed the Federalists to retain a lot of power even after they lost popularity


 * Orders in Council:** 1793; The British closed all American ports that the French could trade through. They also began seizing American ships, and impressing American soldiers


 * The Chesapeake Incident:** In 1807 an, the British seized the Chesapeake, an American ship, and impressed the sailors aboard


 * Marbury V. Madison:** Set the precedent of Judicial Review, where the supreme court had the right to interpret the constitution


 * Meriwether Lewis:** Leader of the first documented exploration to the West Coast over land


 * Patronage:** When officials give government positions to their friends or cronies


 * Judicial Review:** The supreme court, as apposed to the States, could determine the constitutionality of new laws


 * Impeachment:** Where a public official is accused of


 * Impressment:** The British and French navy's would capture American sailors, and force them to join the navy


 * Economic Coercion:** Britain and France would seize American supplies on ships


 * Samuel Chase:** The only supreme court justice who was ever impeached


 * John Marshall:** He was chief justice of the supreme court for many years. He was a federalist who played an important role in strengthening the court


 * Aaron Burr:** He lost the presidential election to Jefferson. He also dueled Alexander Hamilton and killed hi


 * William Marbury:** He sued James Madison to get his appointment back. Went to the supreme court


 * Toussaint L' Overture:** Led a slave revolution in Santo Domingo. This eventually led to the Louisiana Purchase


 * James Monroe:** Arranged the Louisiana Purchase even though that was not his original assignment


 * William Clark:** Co-leader of the first overland exploration to the West Coast


 * Albert Gallatin:** He was the secretary of the treasury, and put strict regulations on the economy


 * Robert Livingston:** Helped arrange the Louisiana Purchase


 * Zebulon M. Pike:** Explored the Louisiana territory in the first decade of the 19th century


 * Thomas Jefferson:** Founding Father. Wrote the constitution. President during Louisiana Purchase. Started the embargo act

Chapter 12


 * Bonus Bill of 1817:** Gave the states funding for internal improvements


 * Fletcher vs. Peck:** Said that state governments could not give away lant


 * Era of Good Feelings:** People generally felt good towards the government and each other because of the war of 1812


 * Treaty of 1818:** A treaty involving economic cooperation and concessions on both sides


 * Land Act of 1820:** pacified the demand of westerners for cheaper land


 * Tariff of 1816:** It was the first tax that taxed imports in an effort to help the American economy


 * Cohen's V. Virginia:** Increased the scope of judicial review, and the power of the supreme court


 * The American system:** Created protective tariffs to strengthen the local ecomony


 * Gibbons V. Ogden:** Solidified Congress as the sole body able to control interstate commerce


 * Internal Improvements:** Mostly focused on improvements in the transportation system


 * Non-Intervention:** The Monroe Doctrine aimed to keep the U.S. out of European affairs


 * Isolationism:** The goal of keeping the U.S. out of foreign politics


 * 2nd Bank of the United States:** Tried to regulate the state of the economy after the war of 1812


 * Nationalism:** Well being of the nation is the highest goal. National pride


 * Protective Tariff:** A tariff designed to generate revenue and protect small industries


 * Non colonization**: Part of the Monroe doctrine. Forbid European countries from recolonizing Latin America


 * Henry Clay:** The great political compromiser

http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812 http://www.ushistory.org/us/20b.asp [] [] []
 * Credible Sites:**

Primary sources

"Be it enacted . . ., That an embargo be, and hereby is laid on all ships and vessels in the ports and places within the limits or jurisdiction of the United States, cleared or not cleared, bound to any foreign port or place; and that no clearance be furnished to any ship or vessel bound to such foreign port or place, except vessels under the immediate direction of the President of the United States: and that the President be authorized to give such instructions to the officers of the revenue, and of the navy and revenue cutters of the United States, as shall appear best adapted for carrying the same into full effect: Provided, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the departure of any foreign ship or vessel, either in ballast, or with the goods, wares and merchandise on board of such foreign ship or vessel, when notified of this act. SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That during the continuance of this act, no registered, or sea letter vessel, having on board goods, wares and merchandise, shall be allowed to depart from one port of the United States to any other within the same, unless the master, owner, consignee or factor of such vessel shall first give bond, with one or more sureties to the collector of the district from which she is bound to depart, in a sum of double the value of the vessel and cargo, that the said goods, wares, or merchandise shall be relanded in some port of the United States, dangers of the seas excepted, which bond, and also a certificate from the collector where the same may be relanded, shall by the collector respectively be transmitted to the Secretary of the Treasury. All armed vessels possessing public commissions from any foreign power, are not to be considered as liable to the embargo laid by this act."
 * Embargo act:**

AP PARTS A: Congress P: Washington D.C. December, 22, 1807 P: Both the British and the French had been attacking American ships in their war with each other. A: America, Britain, France R: To try and hurt both Britain and France with an embargo until they agreed to stop harming American ships T: The government was desperate to stop the hijacking and impressment, and this was the only thing they could really do S: In the end it was very unpopular and ended up hurting America more than Britain or France. Eventually led to the war of 1812

To  Meriwether Lewis esq. Capt. of the 1st. regimt, of Infantry of the US. of A. Your situation as Secretary of the President of the US. has made you acquainted with the objects of my confidential message of Jan. 18. 1803 to the legislature; you have seen the act they passed, which they expressed in general terms, was meant to sanction these objects, and you are appointed to carry them into execution. Instruments for ascertaining by celestial observations, the geography of the country through which you will pass, have been already provided. Light articles for barter and presents among the Indians, arms for your attendants, say from 10. to 12. men, boats, tents, & other travelling apparatus with ammunition, medicine, surgical instruments and provisions you will have prepared with such aids as the Secretary at War can yield in his department; & from him also you will recieve authority to engage among our troops, by voluntary agreement, the number of attendants above mentioned, over whom you, as their commanding officer, are invested with all the powers the laws give in such a case. As your movements while within the limits of the US. will be better directed by occasional communications, adapted to circumstances as they arise, they will not be noticed here. What follows will respect your proceedings after your departure from the United States. Your mission has been communicated to the ministers here from France, Spain & Great Britain, and through them to their governments; & such assurances given them as to it's objects as we trust will satisfy them. The country  having been ceded by Spain to France,  the passport you have from the minister of France, the representative of the present sovereign of the country, will be a protection with all its subjects, & that from the minister of England will entitle you to the friendly aid of any traders of that allegiance with whom you may happen to meet.
 * Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Meriwether Lewis:**

AP PARTS: A: Thomas Jefferson P: America, June, 20, 1803 P: America had just made the Louisiana Purchase from France A: Meriwether Lewis R: To explain Lewis's mission to him S: The Lewis and Clark expedition gathered important information about the West

A: Unknown P: Unknown P: France and Britain were dominant powers in Europe and the rest of the world, and often did what they wanted. A: America, Europe R: To make people more hostile towards Britain and France T: Britain and France are treating the world like a pie that they can just divide between themselves S: The U.S. was becoming more hostile towards the imperialistic attitudes of the European powers
 * Political Cartoon:**

**Excerpt from the opinion of the court in Marbury V. Madison:** "At the last term, on the affidavits then read and filed with the clerk, a rule was granted in this case, requiring the secretary of state to show cause why a mandamus should not issue, directing him to deliver to William Marbury his commission as a justice of the peace for the county of Washington, in the district of Columbia. No cause has been shown, and the present motion is for a mandamus. The peculiar delicacy of this case, the novelty of some of its circumstances, and the real difficulty attending the points which occur in it, require a complete exposition of the principles on which the opinion to be given by the court is founded. These principles have been, on the side of the applicant, very ably argued at the bar. In rendering the opinion of the court, there will be some departure in form, though not in substance, from the points stated in that argument. In the order in which the court has viewed this subject, the following questions have been considered and decided. 1. Has the applicant a right to the commission he demands? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">2. If he has a right, and that right has been violated, do the laws of his country afford him a remedy? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">3. If they do afford him a remedy, is it a mandamus issuing from this court? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">The first object of inquiry is, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">1. Has the applicant a right to the commission he demands?… <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">His right originates in an act of congress passed in February 1801, concerning the district of Columbia. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">After dividing the district into two counties, the eleventh section of this law enacts, 'that there shall be appointed in and for each of the said counties, such number of discreet persons to be justices of the peace as the president of the United States shall, from time to time, think expedient, to continue in office for five years. It appears from the affidavits, that in compliance with this law, a commission for William Marbury as a justice of peace for the county of Washington was signed by John Adams, then president of the United States; after which the seal of the United States was affixed to it; but the commission has never reached the person for whom it was made out. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">In order to determine whether he is entitled to this commission, it becomes necessary to inquire whether he has been appointed to the office. For if he has been appointed, the law continues him in office for five years, and he is entitled to the possession of those evidences of office, which, being completed, became his property. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">The second section of the second article of the constitution declares, 'the president shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not otherwise provided for.' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">The third section declares, that “he shall commission all the officers of the United States.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">An act of congress directs the secretary of state to keep the seal of the United States, 'to make out and record, and affix the said seal to all civil commissions to officers of the United States to be appointed by the president, by and with the consent of the senate, or by the president alone; provided that the said seal shall not be affixed to any commission before the same shall have been signed by the president of the United States.' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">These are the clauses of the constitution and laws of the United States, which affect this part of the case. They seem to contemplate three distinct operations: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">1. The nomination. This is the sole act of the president, and is completely voluntary. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">2. The appointment. This is also the act of the president, and is also a voluntary act, though it can only be performed by and with the advice and consent of the senate. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">3. The commission. To grant a commission to a person appointed, might perhaps be deemed a duty enjoined by the constitution. “He shall,” says that instrument, “commission all the officers of the United States.”

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: -webkit-left;">AP PARTS <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A: Chief Justice Marshall <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">P: The Supreme Court 1803 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">P: Marshall was a federalist judge who believed in the power of the courts <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A: Those present in the court, but also the government and America as a whole <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">R: To give more power to the supreme court <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">S: Established the precedent of judicial review where the supreme court had the final say on constitutionality

**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Non-Intercourse Act: ** An ACT to interdict the commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Britain and France, and their dependencies; and for other purposes.

"Be it enacted . . ., That from and after the passing of this act, the entrance of the harbors and waters of the United States and of the territories thereof, be, and the same is hereby interdicted to all public ships and vessels belonging to Great Britain or France, excepting vessels only which may be forced in by distress, or which are charged with despatches or business from the government to which they belong, and also packets having no cargo nor merchandise on board And if any public ship or vessel as aforesaid, not being included in the exception above mentioned, shall enter any harbor or waters within the jurisdiction of the United States. or of the territories thereof, it shall be lawful for the Presi dent of the United States, or such other person as he shall have empowered for that purpose, to employ such part of the land and naval forces, or of the militia of the United States, or the territories thereof, as he shall deem necessary, to compel such ship or vessel to depart. SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any citizen or citizens of the United States or the territories thereof, nor for any person or persons residing or being in the same, to have any intercourse with, or to afford any aid or supplies to any public ship or vessel as aforesaid, which shall, contrary to the provisions of this act, have entered any harbor or waters within the jurisdiction of the United States or the territories thereof; and if any person shall, contrary to the provisions of this act, have any intercourse with such ship or vessel, or shall afford any aid to such ship or vessel, either in repairing the said vessel or in furnishing her, her officers and crew with supplies of any kind or in any manner whatever, or if any pilot or other person shall assist in navigating or piloting such ship or vessel, unless it be for the purpose of carrying her beyond the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, every person so offending, shall forfeit and pay a sum not less than one hundred dollars, nor exceeding ten thousand dollars; and shall also be imprisoned for a term not less than one month, nor more than one year. SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That from and after the twentieth day of May next, the entrance of the harbors and waters of the United States and the territories thereof be, and the same is hereby interdicted to all ships or vessels sailing under the flag of Great Britain or France, or owned in whole or in part by any citizen or subject of either; vessels hired, chartered or employed by the government of either country, for the sole purpose of carrying letters or despatches, and also vessels forced in by distress or by the dangers of the sea, only excepted. And if any ship or vessel sailing under the flag of Great Britain or France, or owned in whole or in part by any citizen or subject of either, and not excepted as aforesaid, shall after the said twentieth day of May next, arrive either with or without a cargo, within the limits of the United States or of the territories thereof, such ship or vessel, together with the cargo, if any, which may be found on board, shall be forfeited, and may be seized and condemned in any court of the United States or the territories thereof, having competent jurisdiction, and all and every act and acts heretofore passed, which shall be within the purview of this act, shall be, and the same are hereby repealed. SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That from and after the twentieth day of May next, it shall not be lawful to import into the United States or the territories thereof, any goods, wares or merchandise whatever, from any port or place situated in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any of the colonies or dependencies of Great Britain, nor from any port or place situated in France, or in any of her colonies or dependencies, nor from any port or place in the actual possession of either Great Britain or France. Nor shall it be lawful to import into the United States, or the territories thereof, from any foreign port or place whatever, any goods, wares or merchandise whatever, being of the growth, produce or manufacture of France, or of any of her colonies or dependencies, or being of the growth, produce or manufacture of Great Britain or Ireland, or of any of the colonies or dependencies of Great Britain, or being of the growth, produce or manufacture of any place or country in the actual possession of either France or Great Britain: Provided, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect the cargoes of ships or vessels wholly owned by a citizen or citizens of the United States, which had cleared for any port beyond the Cape of Good Hope, prior to. . . [December 22, I807,]. . . or which had departed for such port by permission of the President, under the acts supplementary to the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States. SEC. II. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is authorized, in case either France or Great Britain shall so revoke or modify her edicts, as that they shall cease to violate the neutral commerce of the United States, to declare the same by proclamation; after which the trade of the United States, suspended by this act, and by the. . . [Embargo Act]. . . and the several acts supplementary thereto, may be renewed with the nation so doing: SEC. I2. And be it further enacted, That so much of the. . . [Embargo Act]. . . and of the several acts supplementary thereto, as forbids the departure of vessels owned by citizens of the United States, and the exportation of domestic and foreign merchandise to any foreign port or place, be and the same is hereby repealed, after. . . [March I5, I809,]. . . except so far as they relate to Great Britain or France, or their colonies or dependencies, or places in the actual possession of either.... SEC. I3. And be it further enacted, That during the continuance of so much of the. . . [Embargo Act],. . . and of the several acts supplementary thereto, as is not repealed by this act, no ship or vessel bound to a foreign port, with which commercial intercourse shall, by virtue of this act, be again permitted, shall be allowed to depart for such port, unless the owner or owners, consignee or factor of such ship ol vessel shall, with the master, have given bond with one or more sureties to the United States, in a sum double the value of the vessel and cargo, if the vessel is wholly owned by a citizen or citizens of the United States; and in a sum four times the value, if the vessel is owned in part or in whole by any foreigner or foreigners, that the vessel shall not leave the port without a clearance, nor shall, when leaving the port, proceed to any port or place in Great Britain or France, or in the colonies or dependencies of either, or in the actual possession of either, nor be directly or indirectly engaged during the voyage in any trade with such port, nor shall put any article on board of any other vessel; nor unless every other requisite and provision of the second section of the act, entitled "An act to enforce and make more effectual an act, entitled An act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States, and the several acts supplementary thereto," shall have been complied with.... SEC. I4. And be it further enacted, That so much of the. . . [Embargo Act]. . . and of the several acts supplementary thereto, as compels vessels owned by citizens of the United States, bound to another port of the said States, or vessels licensed for the coasting trade, or boats, either not masted or not decked, to give bond, and to load under the inspection of a revenue officer, or renders them liable to detention, merely on account of the nature of their cargo, (such provisions excepted as relate to collection districts adjacent to the territories, colonies or provinces of a foreign nation, or to vessels belonging or bound to such districts) be, and the same is hereby repealed, from and after. . . [March I5,1809]

[SEC. 17 repeals act of April I8, I806, and supplementary acts after May 20,]

SEC. I9. And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue and be in force until the end of the next session of Congress, and no longer; and that the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States, and the several acts supplementary thereto, shall be, and the same ate hereby repealed from and after the end of the next session of Congress."

AP PARTS A: Congress P: Washington D.C. March 1, 1809 P: Before this passed, the embargo act had banned all American exports A: America, Britain, France R: To reduce the severity of the embargo act, ant to try and reinvigorate the economy T: America was suffering greatly from the embargo act, and was looking for a way out S: It ended up leading to the war of 1812

FRQs:

1.To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly named the “Revolution of 1800?” Respond with reference to TWO of the following areas: Economics Foreign policy Judiciary Politics

2. The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) has been celebrated as the era of the “common man.” To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider TWO of the following in your response: Economic development Politics Reform movements

3.Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799 Hartford Convention, 1814-1815 Nullification Crisis, 1832-1833