Unit+13

=**Unit 13: A Cold Peace**= toc

**//Vocabulary://**
Taft-Hartley Act- Act that outlawed closed shops, made labor unions liable for any damages that they might pose on anything, made them swear a non-Communist oath Great Depression- Stock Market Crash of Oct. 29th, 1929; economies all over the world crashed and fell into an economic recession. Ended in early 40s. GI Bill- allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war. Korean War- America fought in the war for the prevention of communism and many military projects came out of it. Sunbelt- Immigrants moved to California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Alabama, Louisana, Georgia and Florida. Federal Housing Authority- Provided loans to citizens to purchase housing outside of cities-- created suburbs. Baby Boom- Lots of babies after the war. Veteran's Administration- Helped the veterans after the war in medical, mental and physical aid. Social Security- Insurance for elderly. Big Three- Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt met at the Yalta Conference- gave a ton of land to USSR Cold War- Hostility between USSR and USA. Nuclear threats and brinkmanship Nuremberg Trials- Put 22 of the main culprits of the Holocaust in trial for the hate crimes. United Nations- Brought together the world. US was in the Security Council with China, USSR, France, and Britain Containment- Tried to contain communism Truman Doctrine- Gave money to Greece and Turkey to contain the policy of communism and to not fall into the USSR trap Marshall Plan- Balanced war debts between Germany, US and Britain Fair Deal-called for improved housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, and an extension of Social Security. Tennessee Valley Administration- Provided jobs to help create energy from water.

//**People:**//
Harry S. Truman- President after FDR died, was not confident at first, but then gained confidence when he gained political power. Similarly to the spoils system, he put friends of his into his cabinet. Chiang Kai-shek- Chinese leader that fought against the Communist in Russia. Richard Nixon- Representative in the House during the 50's. Became President and kept the US in Vietnam. Initiated new anticrime laws, ended the draft, and created broad environmental programs. In running for his second term, he was involved in the Watergate Scandal- where the Democratic National Committee office was broken into. Alger Hiss- One of the men in Nixon's cabinet who was accused of being the blame for the Watergate Scandal. Was fired because he was thought to be a Soviet spy. Joseph McCarthy- Was a lieutenant in the Marines during WWII; as a Senator, he claimed that he knew of over 200 people in the House, Senate, and Cabinet that were communist. Rosenburgs- These people were accused of being communist, went to trial, and were sentenced to death. It was later found out that they were not Communists and laws were put into place so that nothing like this could happen again. Dwight Eisenhower- General during World War II, administration formed CIA, President during Cold War, brinkmanship with Russia. Thomas Dewey- Republican candidate in 1948; ran against Truman;

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//**Vocabulary:**//
Jim Crow Laws-Laws enacted by Southern states and local governments to separate whites and blacks in both public and private places. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)- an organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality; Martin Luther King, Jr was President of this organization for awhile. Brown vs. Board of Education- 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional. Plessy vs. Ferguson- 1896 court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodation was legal, thus establishing "separate but equal" doctrine Civil Rights Act- 1964- a law that band discrimination on the bases of sex, race, national origin or religion in public places and work places; 1968- a law that band discrimination in housing Bracero- A Mexican laborer allowed to enter the US to work for a limited period of time. New Deal- Roosevelt's Program to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression, focusing on relieve for the needy, economic recovery and financial reform Dawes Severalty Act- a law 1887 that was intended to Americanize Natives by distributing reservation land to individual owners Interstate Highway Act- Created a system of highways across the US Geneva Conference- Stalin, Chrurchill and Truman created a peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956. Tet Offensive- a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968; attacked US embassy in South Vietnam Warsaw Pact- a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites Sputnik- first successful artificial space satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. National Defense and Education Act- Eisenhower administration improved national security by creating new defense agencies and improved education by passing new education reforms. 22nd Amendment- created a two term limit to presidency The Feminine Mystique- a book written by Betty Friedan that helped the women's rights Post War Literature- novels that critiqued the American way of life. Consumerism- a preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods. Miranda Rights- suspects have the right to remain silent; anything they say can be used against them in a court of law; they have a right to a lawyer before and during interrogation

//**People:**//
Martin Luther King, Jr.- Civil Rights activist that ran his campaign on nonviolence. Rosa Parks- Refused to give her seat up to a white women- started the Montgomery Bus Boycotts. John Dulles- anti-Communist; proposed brinkmanship; Secretary of State John F. Kennedy- President; supported Civil Rights; President during Cuban Missile Crisis; assassinated Landon B. Johnson- President after Kennedy; expanded on Kennedy's plans for improvement

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//(From 2012)// :
Compare and contrast the Cold War foreign policies of TWO of the following presidents. Harry Truman (1945–1953) Dwight Eisenhower (1953–1961) Richard Nixon (1969–1974)

//(From 2011)//:
African American leaders have responded to racial discrimination in the United States in a variety of ways. Compare and contrast the goals and strategies of African American leaders in the 1890s –1920s with the goals and strategies of African American leaders in the 1950s –1960s.

//(From 2010)//:
Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985. Suburbanization The growth of the Sun Belt Immigration to the United States Back to the Top

**__Primary Sources:__**
[] (For documents 1, 2, 3)

1. Feminist: On September 7th [1968] in Atlantic City, the Annual Miss America Pageant will again crown "your ideal." But this year, reality will liberate the contest auction-block in the guise of "genyooine" de-plasticized, breathing women. Women's Liberation Groups, black women, high-school and college women, women's peace groups, women's welfare and social-work groups, women's job-equality groups, pro-birth control and pro-abortion groups—women of every political persuasion—all are invited to join us.... We will protest the image of Miss America, an image that oppresses women in every area in which it purports to represent us.... A: New York Radical Women P:"No More Miss America!," manifesto, 1968. P: At this point in history, women are raising more and more awareness for their plight for equality with men. They now are able to make a much better living for themselves on their own and feel that this deserves recognition. A: This article is written to everybody and anybody to raise awareness of the feminist movement and in particular to gather women to protest that Miss America pageant and mens' classic image of women. R: This was written to protest the crowning of the next Miss America and to show that women are much more than just a pretty face. It was written to continue gaining supporters and raising awareness for the feminist movement of the time. T: The main idea is that the Miss America pageant is biased, wrong, and an outdated practice of the restrictions on the images of women of the time. They want to gain supporters and fellow women to rally against the pageant. S: This again shows the devfelopment of the feminist movement in this time in history for the United States, the movement is gaining supporters and are now much more public with their demands for equality, as seen by the rally mentioned above.

2. The Silent Majority: The Supreme Court had forbidden it, but they prayed defiantly in a school in Netcong, N.J., reading the morning invocation from the //Congressional Record //. In the state legislatures, they introduced more than 100 Draconian bills to put down campus dissent. In West Virginia, they passed a law absolving police in advance of guilt in any riot deaths. In Minneapolis they elected a police detective to be mayor. Everywhere, they flew the colors of assertive patriotism. Their car windows were plastered with American-flag decals, their ideological totems. In the bumper-sticker dialogue of the freeways, they answered MAKE LOVE NOT WAR with HONOR AMERICA or SPIRO IS MY HERO. They sent Richard Nixon to the White House and two teams of astronauts to the moon. They were both exalted and afraid. The mysteries of space were nothing, after all, compared with the menacing confusions of their own society. A: //Time//, "Man and Woman of the Year: The Middle Americans," P://Time// 95, no. 1 (5 January 1970), P: Nixon won by default because the people of the US didn't support the other two candidates that ran against him. A: People of the US R: Article shows exactly that electing Nixon was not ideal and that his administration were not making relevant decisions for that time. T: America's focus was split too many directions and it was not focusing on the politics of the time. S: Proves that the Silently Majority had very different political views and electing Nixon because they did not like the other candidates was not one of the smartest decisions. Although Nixon brought new programs and helped excel in many aspects of American life, it seemed as if he didn't manage his programs equally.

3. Hippies: Many tourists upon seeing the unshaven, unconventionally clothed Love Generation roll up their car windows and lock the doors. This is not necessary and can be mightily inconvenient. Some of the hippies do bite, but all of them have taken their rabies shots so their bite is not too bad. Honestly though, you must consider that the unconventional attire would make it easy to describe your assailant to the police. By the way, if it appears to you that there are no police in the area, have no fears—probably one out of every twenty males that you see between the ages of 25 and 35 is an officer of some kind or the other. A:Irwin Unger and Debi Unger P: //Haight-Ashbury Maverick//, "Notes to Tourists: Roll Down Your Windows," newspaper article, 1967 P: Young people called the "Counter-Culture" reevaluated the values, morals and lifestyles of the government at the time. A: People in the US (Analyzing the Counter Culture) R: Analyzing the extreme difference and the barrier that has been maintained between the Love Generation and the average American person. T: There is an extreme difference between Love Generation and the Average American. S: Describes the new "average" American citizen and how the political and social changes affected the young generation of America.

4. A: Herblock P:1963 The Washington Post P: During the 60s, the Civil Rights movement was slowly growing and in certain areas of the US, succeeding. However, most African Americans were still experienceing incredible amounts of segregation and racism in their everyday lives. A:This cartoon was drawn to raise awareness of the absurdity of the race problem and to gain supporters for the Civil Rights movement. R: It was drawn to show the unecessary racism that exists across the nation in America and the unjustness that highly qualified African Americans were experienceing for a variety of different reasons. T: This shows the close-mindedness of the whites of the US and how against accepting African Americans as equals they were, even though in the image the young African American man seems more qualified to be a doctor than the white men, he has a diplonma and appears to be in good health himself, whereas the white men do not. S: This shows that the Civil Rights movement was growing and people were beginning to see the absurdity that the whites were following as a belief system by denying certain rights to perfectly qualified human beings.

5. A: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc. P: Vietnam during the Vietnam War P: Southern Vietnam is shown with the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Invasion of Southern Vietnam by the Vietcong. A: Historians or military personnel that would want to look at how the US bases were placed or where certain battles took place. R: This map goes through the locations of the US air bases that were used during the Vietnam war as well as locations of important battles such as when and where the Tet offensive happened and the Fall of Saigon. T: This goes through the United States' involvement in the Vietnam war and their locations in the surrounding areas. S: Shows the location of the US and the the path of the Vietcong.

6. A: Des Moines vs.Tinker P: Washington D.C. 1968 P: At the time, schools regulated what children could and could not do and therefore teachers could suspend students for expression of personal beliefs. A: The American Public R: Students wanted wear armbands in favor of the Christmas Truce in the Vietnam War. T: To protest the Vietnam War and to provide support of Robert Kennedy. S: The Court ruled that under the First Amendment, the students were allowed to protest. This gave way to future protests in public areas.

7. A: John D. Clare P: London Monthly in 1962 P: After WWII, the Cold War continued with brinkmanship. A: People of the world R: To show how close Kennedy and Khrushchev were to destroying the world because of the development of hydrogen bombs because of the different political values of the USA and USSR. T: Brinkmanship and how far the USSR and USA have gone in the battle of brinkmanship. S: Kennedy and Khrushchev are near boiling point in the years following WWII.

8. A: Hungerford Cy P: December 3rd, 1953 P: McCarthy was going on a wild rampage of accusing many people in the House and the Senate of being spies for the USSR. A: People of the United States. R: Cy wanted to let the people know that Eisenhower was influenced by McCarthy when it came to his foreign policies, national issues, political plans. T: The presidency is corrupt and Eisenhower is a puppet for political and social debates of the time. S: Cy wanted to imply that Eisenhower wasn't the President that the people thought he was. He was strongly influenced by other's advice and was therefore persuaded to pass acts and policies he planned on passing.

9. A: Steven Greenburg P: Ventura County Star, 2007 P: The Sun Belt had many different people settling into it. A: The people of the United States (California in specifics) R: To show that the minority is now the majority T: Many people of different descent (Asian, Natives, African, New and Old Immigrants) had begun to live in the Sun Belt, states from California to Florida. S: With these new settlements, the "Natives" of the land became upset because they thought that they were going to be run out and lose their jobs to the people that were settling this land.

10. A: Election of 1948 P: United States in 1948 P: Dewey's second time running after losing to FDR; he lost against Truman A: People of the US R: To show the overwhelming support for Truman; primarily Democratic US in the 1948. T: US is becoming more democratic and supported Truman because of his connection with Roosevelt; Dewey fell to Truman S: US is more supportive to what Truman and Roosevelt had done before.Thus, they wanted to continue the ideas and plans that Roosevelt had put into play and Truman supported.

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__//**Links:**//__
1. http://www.course-notes.org/US_History/Notes/The_American_Pageant_11th_Edition_Textbook_Notes/Chapter_39_The_Cold_War_Begins_1945_â€“ A site that goes through a common AP U.S. history text book and highlights all of the important parts of each chapter and era in simple and accessible notes. 2. @http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon This webpage goes through Nixon's presidency and the important things that his administration did, the site does the same for all of the other presidents. 3. http://www.apl.org/history/mccarthy/biography.html This site goes through the life of Joseph McCarthy and his accomplishments. 4. @http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ros_acct.htm This site talks the reader through the trial of the Rosenbergs and its importance to this time period. 5. http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap10_frq_us_history.pdf Published DBQ and FRQs from previous AP U.S. History Exams, helpful for practicing writing essays in preparation for the AP exam

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